Introduction to knowledge Representation

Documented (books, manuals, etc.)
Undocumented (in people s minds)
From people, from machines
Knowledge Acquisition from Databases
Knowledge Acquisition Via the Internet

Considers the manner in which things work under different sets of circumstances
Includes step-by-step sequences and how-to types of instructions
May also include explanations
Involves automatic response to stimuli
May tell how to use declarative knowledge and how to make inferences


Descriptive knowledge relates to a specific object. Includes information about the meaning, roles, environment, resources, activities, associations and outcomes of the object

Procedural knowledge relates to the procedures employed in the problem-solving process

Knowledge about Knowledge
The knowledge model views knowledge acquisition as the construction of a model of problem-solving behavior-- a model in terms of knowledge instead of representations

Can reuse models across applications
Logical representation – first order predicate calculus, Prolog, declarative knowledge
Procedural representation – a set of instructions for solving a problem, such as a production system
Network representation – knowledge is in a graph structure, such as conceptual dependency and conceptual graphs..
Structured representation – an extension of networks, such as scripts or frames .


In ES(Expert System), Metaknowledge refers to knowledge about the operation of knowledge-based systems
Its reasoning capabilities