عنوان رابط مفيد به مجموعة ppt يخص الاتصالات للاطلاع

Four major concepts are discussed: data communications, networking, protocols and standards, and networking models. Networks exist so that data may be sent from one place to another-the basic concept of data communications. To fully grasp this subject, we must understand the data communication components, how different types of data can be represented, and how to create a data flow. Data communications between remote parties can be achieved through a process called networking, involving the connection of computers, media, and networking devices. Networks are divided into two main categories: local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). These two types of networks have different characteristics and different functionalities. The Internet, the main focus of the book, is a collection ofLANs and WANs held together by internetworking devices. Protocols and standards are vital to the implementation of data communications and networking. Protocols refer to the rules; a standard is a protocol that has been adopted by vendors and manufacturers. Network models serve to organize, unify, and control the hardware and software components of data communications and networking. Although the term "network model" suggests a relationship to networking, the model also encompasses data communications